Pesticide compositions exhibiting enhanced activity

ABSTRACT

Pest controlling compositions exhibiting enhanced pesticidal activity levels are disclosed. In one embodiment, a composition includes at least one pesticide, at least one transition metal salt and at least one proteinaceous material. In this embodiment, the composition exhibits enhanced pesticidal activity levels compared to a composition dissimilar only in not having the at least one transition metal salt and the at least one proteinaceous material.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The subject application claims priority to U.S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 61/214,965 filed Apr. 30, 2009, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention disclosed in this document is related to the field ofpesticides and their use in controlling pests.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pests cause millions of human deaths around the world each year.Furthermore, there are more than ten thousand species of pests thatcause losses in agriculture. These agricultural losses amount tobillions of U.S. dollars each year. Termites cause damage to variousstructures such as homes. These termite damage losses amount to billionsof U.S. dollars each year. As a final note, many stored food pests eatand adulterate stored food. These stored food losses amount to billionsof U.S. dollars each year, but more importantly, deprive people ofneeded food.

Many pesticide compositions have been developed over time to destroypests and alleviate the damages they cause. These compositions are oftenapplied to the environment in which the insects or other pests live orwhere their eggs are present, including the air surrounding them, thefood they eat, or objects which they contact. Several of thesecompositions are vulnerable to chemical and physical degradation whenapplied to these environments. If these types of degradation occur, thepesticidal activity of the pesticides can be adversely affected,commonly necessitating an increase in the concentration at which thepesticides are applied and/or more frequent applications of thepesticides. As a result, user costs and the costs to consumers canescalate. Therefore, a need exists for new pesticide compositions thatexhibit increased stability and enhanced activity compared to existingpesticide compositions when, for example, the pesticide compositions areapplied to an environment to control pests.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns novel pesticide compositions and theiruse in controlling insects and certain other invertebrates. In oneembodiment, a composition includes at least one pesticide, at least onemetal salt and at least one proteinaceous material. In this embodiment,the composition exhibits enhanced pesticidal activity levels compared toa composition dissimilar only in not having the at least one metal saltand the at least one proteinaceous material. In one form, the at leastone pesticide is a photo-labile pesticide. In another form, the at leastone pesticide is a macrocyclic lactone insecticide.

In a more particular form, the at least one pesticide is a spinosyn,such as spinetoram or spinosad, the at least one metal salt is atransition metal salt such as a transition metal acetate,acetylacetonate, nitrate, sulfate, carbonate or halide, includingchloride, fluoride, bromide and iodide, and the at least oneproteinaceous material is egg albumen, whey, gelatin or zein. However,it should be appreciated that alternatives for the at least onepesticide, transition metal salt and proteinaceous material arecontemplated.

In another embodiment, a composition includes from about 8% to about 15%by weight of spinetoram, from about 40% to about 60% by weight of aproteinaceous material, and from about 25% to about 40% by weight of atransition metal salt. In one aspect of this embodiment, the transitionmetal salt includes iron (III) sulfate and the proteinaceous materialincludes egg albumen.

In yet another embodiment, a method includes applying to a locus wherecontrol is desired an insect-inactivating amount of a pesticidecomposition. Still, further embodiments, forms, features, aspects,benefits, objects, and advantages of the present invention shall becomeapparent from the detailed description and examples provided.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Throughout this document, all temperatures are given in degrees Celsius,and all percentages are weight percentages unless otherwise stated.

Pesticide compositions exhibiting increased stability and enhancedpesticidal activity are described in this document. More particularly,in one or more embodiments, the pesticide compositions exhibit enhancedresidual pesticidal activity. A pesticide is herein defined as anycompound which shows some pesticidal or biocidal activity, or otherwiseparticipates in the control or limitation of pest populations. Suchcompounds include fungicides, insecticides, nematocides, miticides,termiticides, rodenticides, molluscides, arthropodicides, herbicides,biocides, as well as pheromones and attractants and the like.

Examples of pesticides that can be included in the compositionsdescribed herein include, but are not limited to, antibioticinsecticides, macrocyclic lactone insecticides (for example, avermectininsecticides, milbemycin insecticides, and spinosyn insecticides),arsenical insecticides, botanical insecticides, carbamate insecticides(for example, benzofuranyl methylcarbamate insecticides,dimethylcarbamate insecticides, oxime carbamate insecticides, and phenylmethylcarbamate insecticides), diamide insecticides, desiccantinsecticides, dinitrophenol insecticides, fluorine insecticides,fonnamidine insecticides, fumigant insecticides, inorganic insecticides,insect growth regulators (for example, chitin synthesis inhibitors,juvenile hormone mimics, juvenile hormones, moulting hormone agonists,moulting hormones, moulting inhibitors, precocenes, and otherunclassified insect growth regulators), nereistoxin analogueinsecticides, nicotinoid insecticides (for example, nitroguanidineinsecticides, nitromethylene insecticides, and pyridylmethylamineinsecticides), organochlorine insecticides, organophosphorusinsecticides, oxadiazine insecticides, oxadiazolone insecticides,phthalimide insecticides, pyrazole insecticides, pyrethroidinsecticides, pyrimidinamine insecticides, pyrrole insecticides,tetramic acid insecticides, tetronic acid insecticides, thiazoleinsecticides, thiazolidine insecticides, thiourea insecticides, ureainsecticides, as well as, other unclassified insecticides.

Some of the particular insecticides that can be employed in thecompositions described in this document include, but are not limited to,the following: 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,3 dichloropropene, abamectin,acephate, acetamiprid, acethion, acetoprole, acrinathrin, acrylonitrile,alanycarb, aldicarb, aldoxycarb, aldrin, allethrin, allosamidin,allyxycarb, alpha-cype ethrin, alpha-endosulfan, amidithion, aminocarb,amiton, amitraz, anabasine, athidathion, azadirachtin, azamethiphos,azinphos-ethyl, azinphosmethyl, azothoate, barium hexafluorosilicate,barthrin, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, bensultap, beta-cyfluthrin,beta-cypermethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioethanomethrin,biopermethrin, bioresmethrin, bistrifluron, borax, boric acid, boricacid, bromfenvinfos, bromocyclen, bromo-DDT, bromophos, bromophosethyl,bufencarb, buprofezin, butacarb, butathiofos, butocarboxim, butonate,butoxycarboxim, cadusafos, calcium arsenate, calcium polysulfide,camphechlor, carbanolate, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbon disulfide, carbontetrachloride, carbophenothion, carbosulfan, cartap,chlorantraniliprole, chlorbicyclen, chlordane, chlordecone,chlordimeform, chlorethoxyfos, chlorfenapyr, chlorfenvinphos,chlorfluazuron, chlormephos, chloroform, chloropicrin, chlorphoxim,chlorprazophos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorthiophos,chromafenozide, cinerin I, cinerin II, cismethrin, cloethocarb,closantel, clothianidin, copper acetoarsenite, copper arsenate, coppernaphthenate, copper oleate, coumaphos, coumithoate, crotamiton,crotoxyphos, crufomate, cryolite, cyanofenphos, cyanophos, cyanthoate,cyclethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin,cyphenothrin, cyromazine, cythioate, DDT, decarbofuran, deltamethrin,demephion, demephion-O, demephion-S, demeton, demeton-methyl, demeton-O,demeton-O-methyl, demeton-S, demeton-S-methyl, demeton-S-methylsulphon,diafenthiuron, dialifos, diatomaceous earth, diazinon, dicapthon,dichlofenthion, dichlorvos, dicresyl, dicrotophos, dicyclanil, dieldrin,diflubenzuron, dilor, dimefluthrin, dimefox, dimetan, dimethoate,dimethrin, dimethylvinphos, dimetilan, dinex, dinoprop, dinosam,dinotefuran, diofenolan, dioxabenzofos, dioxacarb, dioxathion,disulfoton, dithicrofos, d-limonene, DNOC, doramectin, ecdysterone,emamectin, EMPC, empenthrin, endosulfan, endothion, endrin, EPN,epofenonane, eprinomectin, esfenvalerate, etaphos, ethiofencarb, ethion,ethiprole, ethoate-methyl, ethoprophos, ethyl formate, ethyl-DDD,ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene oxide, etofenprox,etrimfos, EXD, famphur, fenamiphos, fenazaflor, fenchlorphos,fenethacarb, fenfluthrin, fenitrothion, fenobucarb, fenoxacrim,fenoxycarb, fenpirithrin, fenpropathrin, fensulfothion, fenthion,fenthion-ethyl, fenvalerate, fipronil, flonicamid, flubendiamide,flucofuron, flucycloxuron, flucythrinate, flufenerim, flufenoxuron,flufenprox, fluvalinate, fonofos, formetanate, formothion, formparanate,fosmethilan, fospirate, fosthietan, furathiocarb, furethrin,gamma-cyhalothrin, gamma-HCH, halfenprox, halofenozide, HCH, HEOD,heptachlor, heptenophos, heterophos, hexaflumuron, HHDN, hydramethylnon,hydrogen cyanide, hydroprene, hyquincarb, imidacloprid, imiprothrin,indoxacarb, iodomethane, IPSP, isazofos, isobenzan, isocarbophos,isodrin, isofenphos, isoprocarb, isoprothiolane, isothioate, isoxathion,ivermectin, jasmolin I, jasmolin II, jodfenphos, juvenile hormone I,juvenile hormone II, juvenile hormone III, kelevan, kinoprene,lambda-cyhalothrin, lead arsenate, lepimectin, leptophos, lindane,lirimfos, lufenuron, lythidathion, malathion, malonoben, mazidox,mecarbam, mecarphon, menazon, mephosfolan, mercurous chloride,mesulfenfos, metaflumizone, methacrifos, methamidophos, methidathion,methiocarb, methocrotophos, methomyl, methoprene, methoxychlor,methoxyfenozide, methyl bromide, methylchloroform, methylene chloride,metofluthrin, metolcarb, metoxadiazone, mevinphos, mexacarbate,milbemectin, milbemycin oxime, mipafox, mirex, monocrotophos,morphothion, moxidectin, naftalofos, naled, naphthalene, nicotine,nifluridide, nitenpyram, nithiazine, nitrilacarb, novaluron,noviflumuron, omethoate, oxamyl, oxydemeton-methyl, oxydeprofos,oxydisulfoton, para-dichlorobenzene, parathion, parathion-methyl,penfluron, pentachlorophenol, permethrin, phenkapton, phenothrin,phenthoate, phorate, phosalone, phosfolan, phosmet, phosnichlor,phosphamidon, phosphine, phoxim, phoxim-methyl, pirimetaphos,pirimicarb, pirimiphos-ethyl, pirimiphos-methyl, potassium arsenite,potassium thiocyanate, pp′-DDT, prallethrin, precocene I, precocene II,precocene III, primidophos, profenofos, profluthrin, promacyl,promecarb, propaphos, propetamphos, propoxur, prothidathion, prothiofos,prothoate, protrifenbute, pyraclofos, pyrafluprole, pyrazophos,pyresmethrin, pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, pyridaben, pyridalyl,pyridaphenthion, pyrifluquinazon, pyrimidifen, pyrimitate, pyriprole,pyriproxyfen, quassia, quinalphos, quinalphosmethyl, quinothion,rafoxanide, resmethrin, rotenone, ryania, sabadilla, schradan,selamectin, silafluofen, silica gel, sodium arsenite, sodium fluoride,sodium hexafluorosilicate, sodium thiocyanate, sophamide, spinetoram,spinosad, spiromesifen, spirotetramat, sulcofuron, sulfluramid,sulfotep, sulfuryl fluoride, sulprofos, tau-fluvalinate, tazimcarb, TDE,tebufenozide, tebufenpyrad, tebupirimfos, teflubenzuron, tefluthrin,temephos, TEPP, terallethrin, terbufos, tetrachloroethane,tetrachlorvinphos, tetramethrin, theta-cypermethrin, thiacloprid,thiamethoxam, thicrofos, thiocarboxime, thiocyclam, thiodicarb,thiofanox, thiometon, thiosultap, thuringiensin, tolfenpyrad,tralomethrin, transfluthrin, transpermethrin, triarathene, triazamate,triazophos, trichlorfon, trichlormetaphos-3, trichloronat, trifenofos,triflumuron, trimethacarb, triprene, vamidothion, vaniliprole, XMC,xylylcarb, zeta-cypermethrin, zolaprofos, and α-ecdysone.

Additionally, it is contemplated that any combination of the aboveinsecticides can be employed in the compositions described herein. Formore information consult “COMPENDIUM OF PESTICIDE COMMON NAMES” locatedat http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/index.html. Also consult “THEPESTICIDE MANUAL” 14th Edition, edited by C D S Tomlin, copyright 2006by British Crop Production Council.

Various pesticides are susceptible to chemical and physical degradationin the presence of certain environmental influences, such as heat and/orlight. Pesticides that are susceptible to degradation with respect tothe latter of these influences are commonly referred to as“photo-labile.” With respect to at least some photo-labile pesticides,it is believed that their degradation can be attributed to a reactionwith singlet oxygen. Examples of pesticides that are reactive withsinglet oxygen include, but are not limited to, certain olefins,aromatics, phenols, naphthols, furans, pyrans and other heterocyclescontaining oxygen; pyrroles, oxazoles, imidazoles, indoles and otherheterocycles containing nitrogen; aliphatic, alicyclic and aromaticamines; amino acids, peptides and proteins; and sulfur containingcompounds such as mercaptans and sulfides; and the like. Further detailsregarding the determination of whether a pesticide is reactive withsinglet oxygen are provided in International Patent Publication No. WO2007/053760. It should be appreciated that any one or combination of theaforementioned photo-labile, singlet oxygen reactive pesticides could beincluded in the compositions described herein.

More particular examples of photo-labile, singlet oxygen reactivepesticides that could be included either alone or in combination witheach other in the compositions described herein include, but are notlimited to, natural products which are microorganisms, microbialproducts, and materials derived or extracted from plants, animals, ormineral-bearing rocks. These natural products include products derivedfrom naturally derived soil dwelling organisms such as actinomycetebacteria such as, for example, macrocyclic lactone insecticides. Oneexemplary macrocyclic lactone insecticide includes avermectins andderivatives thereof, such as abamectin, doramectin, emamectin,eprinomectin, ivermectin and selamectin. Another exemplary macrocycliclactone insecticide includes milbemycins and derivatives thereof, suchas lepimectin, milbemectin, milbemycin oxime and moxidectin. Yet anotherexemplary macrocyclic lactone insecticide includes spinosyns, such asspinosad, and derivatives thereof such as synthetically producedspinetoram as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,227,295; 5,670,364;5,591,606; 6,001,981; 6,143,526; 6,455,504; 6,585,990; 6,919,464;5,362,634; 5,539,089; and 5,202,242, each of which is herebyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Other natural productsinclude sabadilla or veratrine, pyrethrum or pyrethrin, neem oil orazadirachtin, rotenone, ryania or ryanodine, Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), Bacillus subtilis, pheromones, natural attractants and the like.Other pesticides that could be included in the compositions describedherein can include synthetically produced pesticides which are reactivetoward singlet oxygen. Examples include, but are not limited toindoxacarb, imazalil and fenpropimorph. In addition to the foregoing, itshould be appreciated that the compositions described herein could alsoinclude at least one pesticide which is reactive with singlet oxygen andat least one other pesticide which is not reactive with singlet oxygenor otherwise photo-labile.

In one embodiment, a composition includes at least one or a mixture ofthe aforementioned pesticides, at least one metal salt and at least oneproteinaceous material. In this embodiment, the composition exhibitsenhanced pesticidal activity compared to a composition dissimilar onlyin not having the metal salt and the proteinaceous material. Forexample, it is contemplated that the activity or half-life of thecomposition is extended and therefore the same activity can be achievedwith a lower amount of the composition when compared to a compositiondissimilar only in not having the metal salt and the proteinaceousmaterial. Additionally or alternatively, it is contemplated thatimproved pesticidal control over time is achieved with the compositionincluding the metal salt and the proteinaceous material when compared toa composition dissimilar only in not having the metal salt and theproteinaceous material.

As used herein, the term “metal salt” refers to a compound in which thehydrogen or hydrogens of an acid is/are replaced by a metal whileretaining the same organic or inorganic moiety as the acid. By way ofnon-limiting example, organic or inorganic moieties that can form partof a metal salt include acetate, acetylacetonate, nitrate, sulfate,carbonate and halides, such as chloride, bromide, fluoride and iodide.In one or more than one of the more particular embodiments described inthis document, the metal salt can be a transition metal salt. For thepurposes of this document, zinc is considered to be a transition metal.Non-limiting examples of transition metal salts include transition metalacetates, transition metal acetylacetonates, transition metal nitrates,transition metal sulfates, transition metal carbonates and transitionmetal halides, including chlorides, fluorides, bromides and iodides.More particular examples of transition metal acetates include, but arenot limited to, zinc acetate, ferrous (iron (II)) acetate, ferric (iron(III)) acetate, cobalt (II) acetate and cupric (copper (II)) acetate.For transition metal acetylacetonates, more particular but non-limitingexamples include cuprous (copper (I)) acetylacetonate, cupric (copper(II)) acetylacetonate, nickel (II) acetylacetonate and zincacetylacetonate. More particular examples of transition metal nitratesinclude, but are not-limited to, zinc nitrate, cupric (copper (II))nitrate, manganese (II) nitrate, ferric (iron (III)) nitrate, cobalt(II) nitrate and nickel (II) nitrate. Non-limiting examples oftransition metal sulfates include zinc sulfate, ferrous (iron (II))sulfate, ferric (iron (III)) sulfate, manganese (II) sulfate, cobalt(II) sulfate, nickel (II) sulfate, and cupric (copper (II)) sulfate. Afew particular but non-limiting examples of transition metal carbonatesinclude zinc carbonate, manganese (II) carbonate, iron carbonate, nickel(II) carbonate, cobalt (II) carbonate and cupric (copper (II))carbonate. More particular examples of transition metal fluoridesinclude, but are not limited to, cuprous (copper (I)) fluoride, cupric(copper (II)) fluoride, zinc fluoride, manganese (II) fluoride,manganese (III) fluoride and ferric (iron (III)) fluoride. Non-limitingexamples of transition metal chlorides include zinc chloride, cuprous(copper (I)) chloride, cupric (copper (II)) chloride, manganese (II)chloride, nickel (II) chloride, cobalt (II) chloride, ferrous (iron(II)) chloride and ferric (iron (III)) chloride. With respect totransition metal bromides, a few examples include, but are not limitedto, zinc bromide, cuprous (copper (I)) bromide, cupric (copper (II))bromide, cobalt (II) bromide, ferrous (iron (II)) bromide, ferric (iron(III)) bromide, manganese (II) bromide and nickel (II) bromide. A fewmore particular but non-limiting examples of transition metal iodidesinclude manganese (II) iodide, nickel (II) iodide, cuprous (copper (I))iodide and zinc iodide. Additionally, it is contemplated that anycombination of the above transition metal salts can be employed in thecompositions described herein.

In one or more embodiments, it is contemplated that the at least onetransition metal salt is water soluble. Non-limiting examples ofwater-soluble transition metal salts include zinc chloride, zinc iodide,zinc nitrate, zinc bromide, zinc sulfate, zinc acetate, cupric (copper(II)) chloride, cupric (copper II)) bromide, cuprous (copper (I))bromide, cupric (copper (II)) nitrate, cupric (copper (II)) acetate,nickel (II) nitrate, nickel (II) bromide, nickel (II) chloride, nickel(II) iodide, nickel (II) sulfate, cobalt (II) nitrate, cobalt (II)sulfate, cobalt (II) acetate, cobalt (II) bromide, cobalt (II) chloride,ferrous (iron (II)) chloride, ferric (iron (III)) chloride, ferrous(iron (II)) sulfate, ferric (iron (III)) sulfate, ferrous (iron (II))acetate, ferric (iron (III)) nitrate, ferrous (iron (II)) bromide,manganese (II) sulfate and manganese (II) chloride.

As used herein, the term “proteinaceous material” is used to describe amaterial, composition or compound that is defined by a protein, includesat least one protein or is a basic element of a protein. In one form,the proteinaceous material is a water-soluble protein. Furthernon-limiting examples of proteinaceous materials include albumin, suchas egg albumen or bovine serum albumin (BSA); casein; gelatin; zein; awhey composition, such as a mixture of lactose and whey protein; wheyprotein and amino acids such as cysteine, methionine, trytophan,histidine, and tyrosine.

The metal salt and proteinaceous material are typically present withinthe compositions described in this document in an activity enhancingamount. An activity enhancing amount is an amount which increases thehalf life of the composition, or alternatively will enable thecomposition to achieve the same control of pests at a level which isless than the amount required for the same pesticidal protection orcontrol of the composition in the absence of the metal salt and theproteinaceous material. In other words, the metal salt and theproteinaceous material will either reduce the rate required forprotection or extend the residuality of the composition.

In one embodiment, a composition includes a ratio, by weight, betweenthe metal salt and the pesticide between about 1:10 and about 20:1,between the proteinaceous material and the pesticide between about 1:1and about 20:1 and between the proteinaceous material and the metal saltbetween about 1:10 and about 20:1. In another embodiment, a compositionincludes a ratio, by weight, between the metal salt and the pesticidebetween about 1:2 and about 10:1, between the proteinaceous material andthe pesticide between about 2:1 and about 10:1 and between theproteinaceous material and the metal salt between about 1:5 and about10:1. In yet another embodiment, a composition includes a ratio, byweight, between the metal salt and the pesticide from about 1:1 to about6:1, between the proteinaceous material and the pesticide from about 3:1to about 8:1 and between the proteinaceous material and the metal saltfrom about 1:2 to about 4:1. In still another embodiment, a compositionincludes a ratio, by weight, between the metal salt and the pesticidefrom about 2:1 to about 4:1, between the proteinaceous material and thepesticide from about 4:1 to about 6:1 and between the proteinaceousmaterial and the metal salt from about 1:1 to about 2:1. In yet anotherembodiment, a composition includes a ratio, by weight, between the metalsalt and the pesticide between about 1:10 and about 20:1, between about1:2 and about 10:1, from about 1:1 to about 6:1 or from about 2:1 toabout 4:1; between the proteinaceous material and the pesticide betweenabout 1:1 and about 20:1, between about 2:1 and about 10:1, from about3:1 to about 8:1 or from about 4:1 to about 6:1; and between theproteinaceous material and the metal salt between about 1:10 and about20:1, between about 1:5 and about 10:1, from about 1:2 to about 4:1 orfrom about 1:1 to about 2:1.

It should be appreciated however that alternative values for the weightratios between the metal salt and the pesticide, the proteinaceousmaterial and the pesticide and the proteinaceous material and the metalsalt are contemplated. For example, in one embodiment, it iscontemplated that a composition may include a ratio, by weight, betweenthe metal salt and the pesticide between about 1:100 and about 100:1,between the proteinaceous material and the pesticide between about 1:100and about 100:1 and between the proteinaceous material and the metalsalt between about 1:100 and about 100:1. In another embodiment, it iscontemplated that a composition may include a ratio, by weight, betweenthe metal salt and the pesticide between about 1:50 and about 50:1,between the proteinaceous material and the pesticide between about 1:50and about 50:1 and between the proteinaceous material and the metal saltbetween about 1:50 and about 50:1.

In still another embodiment, a composition includes from about 1% toabout 30% by weight of the pesticide, from about 25% to about 75% byweight of the proteinaceous material and from about 10% to about 60% byweight of the metal salt. In another embodiment, a composition includesfrom about 5% to about 25% by weight of the pesticide, from about 35% toabout 65% by weight of the proteinaceous material and from about 20% toabout 50% by weight of the metal salt. In still another embodiment, acomposition includes from about 8% to about 15% by weight of thepesticide, from about 40% to about 60% by weight of the proteinaceousmaterial and from about 25% to about 40% by weight of the metal salt.

Still, it should be appreciated that alternative values for the weightpercentages of the pesticide, proteinaceous material and metal salt arecontemplated. For example, in one embodiment, it is contemplated that acomposition may include between about 0.1% and about 50% by weight ofthe pesticide, between about 15% and about 90% by weight of theproteinaceous material and between about 5% and about 80% by weight ofthe metal salt. Still, in another embodiment, it is contemplated that acomposition may include between about 0.1% and about 75% by weight ofthe pesticide, between about 5% and about 95% by weight of theproteinaceous material and between about 1% and about 90% by weight ofthe metal salt.

The compositions described above can be prepared and provided in anysuitable manner and also include other components, further details ofwhich will be provided below. In one particular form, the pesticide,proteinaceous material, metal salt, water and any other components, ifpresent, are mixed together, homogenized and provided as a liquidcomposition. The liquid composition may then be spray dried to provide asolid composition which may be in a powder or granular form, just toname a few possibilities. During the spray drying, the liquidcomposition is at least partially dehydrated or dried, with suchdehydration or drying resulting in the conversion of the liquidcomposition to the solid composition which includes a smaller percentageby weight of water than the liquid composition. In one or more forms,the spray drying will remove all or substantially all of the water fromthe liquid composition as it is converted to the solid composition.However, it should be appreciated that residual water may be present inone or more forms of the solid composition.

For example, in one form, the solid composition includes between about0.001% to about 20% by weight of water after the spray drying. In yetanother form, the solid composition includes from about 0.001% to about15% by weight of water after the spray drying. In still another fowl,the solid composition includes from about 0.001% to about 10% by weightof water after the spray drying. In another form, the solid compositionincludes from about 0.001% to about 5% by weight of water after thespray drying. In yet another form, the solid composition includes fromabout 0.001% to about 4% by weight of water after the spray drying.Still, in another form the solid composition includes from about 0.001%to about 2% by weight of water after the spray drying. In another form,the solid composition includes from about 0.001% to about 1% by weightof water after the spray drying. However, it should be appreciated thatalternatives values for the weight percentage of water in the solidcomposition after the spray drying are contemplated.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, a method includes providing a liquidcomposition that includes at least one pesticide, at least oneproteinaceous material, at least one metal salt and water, and spraydrying the liquid composition to provide a solid composition. In oneparticular form of this embodiment, the spray drying includessubstantially removing all of the water from the liquid composition asit is converted to the solid composition. While not previouslydiscussed, any other volatile materials besides water, if present in theliquid composition, will typically be entirely or substantially removedas the liquid composition is converted to the solid composition duringthe spray drying. However, it is contemplated that residual volatilematerials other than water could be present in the solid compositionafter the spray drying. Additionally, the pesticide, proteinaceousmaterial and metal salt are generally not volatile and will generallynot be affected by the spray drying. Thus, it should be appreciated thatthe solid composition after spray drying will include ratios by weightbetween the pesticide and the proteinaceous material, the pesticide andthe metal salt, and the metal salt and proteinaceous material that arethe same as or substantially equivalent to the ratios by weight betweenthese ingredients in the liquid composition.

Pests

In one or more additional embodiments, the invention disclosed in thisdocument can be used to control pests.

In one embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can be usedto control pests of the Phylum Nematoda.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests of the Phylum Arthropoda.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests of the Subphylum Chelicerata.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests of the Class Arachnida.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests of the Subphylum Myriapoda.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests of the Class Symphyla.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests of the Subphylum Hexapoda.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control pests of the Class Insecta.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Coleoptera (beetles). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Acanthoscelides spp. (weevils),Acanthoscelides obtectus (common bean weevil), Agrilus planipennis(emerald ash borer), Agriotes spp. (wireworms), Anoplophora glabripennis(Asian longhorned beetle), Anthonomus spp. (weevils), Anthonomus grandis(boll weevil), Aphidius spp., Apion spp. (weevils), Apogonia spp.(grubs), Ataenius spretulus (Black Turgrass Ataenius), Atomaria linearis(pygmy mangold beetle), Aulacophore spp., Bothynoderes punctiventris(beet root weevil), Bruchus spp. (weevils), Bruchus pisorum (peaweevil), Cacoesia spp., Callosobruchus maculatus (southern cow peaweevil), Carpophilus hemipteras (dried fruit beetle), Cassida vittata,Cerosterna spp., Cerotoma spp. (chrysomeids), Cerotoma trifurcata (beanleaf beetle), Ceutorhynchus spp. (weevils), Ceutorhynchus assimilis(cabbage seedpod weevil), Ceutorhynchus napi (cabbage curculio),Chaetocnema spp. (chrysomelids), Colaspis spp. (soil beetles), Conoderusscalaris, Conoderus stigmosus, Conotrachelus nenuphar (plum curculio),Cotinus nitidis (Green June beetle), Crioceris asparagi (asparagusbeetle), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (rusty grain beetle), Cryptolestespusillus (flat grain beetle), Cryptolestes turcicus (Turkish grainbeetle), Ctenicera spp. (wireworms), Curculio spp. (weevils),Cyclocephala spp. (grubs), Cylindrocpturus adspersus (sunflower stemweevil), Deporaus marginatus (mango leaf-cutting weevil), Dermesteslardarius (larder beetle), Dermestes maculates (hide beetle), Diabroticaspp. (chrysolemids), Epilachna varivestis (Mexican bean beetle),Faustinus tubae, Hylobius pales (pales weevil), Hypera spp. (weevils),Hypera postica (alfalfa weevil), Hyperdoes spp. (Hyperodes weevil),Hypothenemus hampei (coffee berry beetle), Ips spp. (engravers),Lasioderma serricorne (cigarette beetle), Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Colorado potato beetle), Liogenys fuscus, Liogenys suturalis,Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (rice water weevil), Lyctus spp. (woodbeetles/powder post beetles), Maecolaspis joliveti, Megascelis spp.,Melanotus communis, Meligethes spp., Meligethes aeneus (blossom beetle),Melolontha melolontha (common European cockchafer), Oberea brevis,Oberea linearis, Oryctes rhinoceros (date palm beetle), Oryzaephilusmercator (merchant grain beetle), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (sawtoothedgrain beetle), Otiorhynchus spp. (weevils), Oulema melanopus (cerealleaf beetle), Oulema myzae, Pantomorus spp. (weevils), Phyllophaga spp.(May/June beetle), Phvllophaga cuyabana, Phyllotreta spp.(chrysomelids), Phynchites spp., Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle),Prostephanus truncates (larger grain borer), Rhizopertha dominica(lesser grain borer), Rhizotrogus spp. (Eurpoean chafer), Rhynchophorusspp. (weevils), Scolytus spp. (wood beetles), Shenophorus spp.(Billbug), Sitona lineatus (pea leaf weevil), Sitophilus spp. (grainweevils), Sitophilus granaries (granary weevil), Sitophilus oryzae (riceweevil), Stegobium paniceum (drugstore beetle), Tribolium spp. (flourbeetles), Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle), Tribolium confusum(confused flour beetle), Trogoderma variabile (warehouse beetle), andZabrus tenebioides.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Dermaptera (earwigs).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Dictyoptera (cockroaches). A non-exhaustive list ofthese pests includes, but is not limited to, Blattella germanica (Germancockroach), Blatta orientalis (oriental cockroach), Parcoblattapennylvanica, Periplaneta americana (American cockroach), Periplanetaaustraloasiae (Australian cockroach), Periplaneta brunnea (browncockroach), Periplaneta fuliginosa (smokybrown cockroach), Pyncoselussuninamensis (Surinam cockroach), and Supella longipalpa (brownbandedcockroach).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Diptera (true flies). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Aedes spp. (mosquitoes), Agromyzafrontella (alfalfa blotch leafminer), Agromyza spp. (leaf miner flies),Anastrepha spp. (fruit flies), Anastrepha suspensa (Caribbean fruitfly), Anopheles spp. (mosquitoes), Batrocera spp. (fruit flies),Bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fly), Bactrocera dorsalis (oriental fruitfly), Ceratitis spp. (fruit flies), Ceratitis capitata (Mediterraneafruit fly), Chrysops spp. (deer flies), Cochliomyia spp. (screwworms),Contarinia spp. (Gall midges), Culex spp. (mosquitoes), Dasineura spp.(gall midges), Dasineura brassicae (cabbage gall midge), Delia spp.,Delia platura (seedcorn maggot), Drosophila spp. (vinegar flies), Fanniaspp. (filth flies), Fannia canicularis (little house fly), Fanniascalaris (latrine fly), Gasterophilus intestinalis (horse bot fly),Gracillia perseae, Haematobia irritans (horn fly), Hylemyia spp. (rootmaggots), Hypoderma lineatum (common cattle grub), Liriomyza spp.(leafminer flies), Liriomyza brassica (serpentine leafminer), Melophagusovinus (sheep ked), Musca spp. (muscid flies), Musca autumnalis (facefly), Musca domestica (house fly), Oestrus ovis (sheep bot fly),Oscinella frit (frit fly), Pegomyia betae (beet leafminer), Phorbiaspp., Psila rosae (carrot rust fly), Rhagoletis cerasi (cherry fruitfly), Rhagoletis pomonella (apple maggot), Sitodiplosis mosellana(orange wheat blossom midge), Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly), Tabanusspp. (horse flies), and Tipula spp. (crane flies).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Hemiptera (true bugs). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Acrosternum hilare (green stinkbug), Blissus leucopterus (chinch bug), Calocoris norvegicus (potatomind), Cimex hemipterus (tropical bed bug), Cimex lectularius (bed bug),Dagbertus fasciatus, Dichelops furcatus, Dysdercus suturellus (cottonstainer), Edessa meditabunda, Eurygaster maura (cereal bug), Euschistusheros, Euschistus servus (brown stink bug), Helopeltis antonii,Helopeltis theivora (tea blight plantbug), Lagynotomus spp. (stinkbugs), Leptocorisa oratorius, Leptocorisa varicornis, Lygus spp. (plantbugs), Lygus hesperus (western tarnished plant bug), Maconellicoccushirsutus, Neurocolpus longirostris, Nezara viridula (southern greenstink bug), Phytocoris spp. (plant bugs), Phytocoris californicus,Phytocoris relativus, Piezodorus guildingi, Poecilocapsus lineatus(fourlined plant bug), Psallus vaccinicola, Pseudacysta perseae,Scaptocoris castanea, and Triatoma spp. (bloodsucking conenosebugs/kissing bugs).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Homoptera (aphids, scales, whiteflies, leafhoppers). Anon-exhaustive list of these pests includes, but is not limited to,Acrythosiphon pisum (pea aphid), Adelges spp. (adelgids), Aleurodesproletella (cabbage whitefly), Aleurodicus disperses, Aleurothrixusfloccosus (woolly whitefly), Aluacaspis spp., Amrasca bigutellabigutella, Aphrophora spp. (leafhoppers), Aonidiella aurantii(California red scale), Aphis spp. (aphids), Aphis gossypii (cottonaphid), Aphis pomi (apple aphid), Aulacorthum solani (foxglove aphid),Bemisia spp. (whiteflies), Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci(sweetpotato whitefly), Brachycolus noxius (Russian aphid),Brachycorynella asparagi (asparagus aphid), Brevennia rehi, Brevicorynebrassicae (cabbage aphid), Ceroplastes spp. (scales), Ceroplastes rubens(red wax scale), Chionaspis spp. (scales), Chrysomphalus spp. (scales),Coccus spp. (scales), Dysaphis plantaginea (rosy apple aphid), Empoascaspp. (leafhoppers), Eriosoma lanigerum (woolly apple aphid), Iceryapurchasi (cottony cushion scale), Idioscopus nitidulus (mangoleafhopper), Laodelphax striatellus (smaller brown planthopper),Lepidosaphes spp., Macrosiphum spp., Macrosiphum euphorbiae (potatoaphid), Macrosiphum granarium (English grain aphid), Macrosiphum rosae(rose aphid), Macrosteles quadrilineatus (aster leafhopper), Mahanarvafrimbiolata, Metopolophium dirhodum (rose grain aphid), Micaslongicornis, Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), Nephotettix spp.(leafhoppers), Nephotettix cinctipes (green leafhopper), Nilaparvatalugens (brown planthopper), Parlatoria pergandii (chaff scale),Parlatoria ziziphi (ebony scale), Peregrinus maidis (corn delphacid),Philaenus spp. (spittlebugs), Phylloxera vitifoliae (grape phylloxera),Physokermes piceae (spruce bud scale), Planococcus spp. (mealybugs),Pseudococcus spp. (mealybugs), Pseudococcus brevipes (pine applemealybug), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (San Jose scale), Rhapalosiphumspp. (aphids), Rhapalosiphum maida (corn leaf aphid), Rhapalosiphum padi(oat bird-cherry aphid), Saissetia spp. (scales), Saissetia oleae (blackscale), Schizaphis graminum (greenbug), Sitobion avenae (English grainaphid), Sogatella furcifera (white-backed planthopper), Therioaphis spp.(aphids), Toumeyella spp. (scales), Toxoptera spp. (aphids),Trialeurodes spp. (whiteflies), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (greenhousewhitefly), Trialeurodes abutiloneus (bandedwing whitefly), Unaspis spp.(scales), Unaspis yanonensis (arrowhead scale), and Zulia entreriana.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, and bees). A non-exhaustivelist of these pests includes, but is not limited to, Acromyrrmex spp.,Athalia rosae, Atta spp. (leafcutting ants), Camponotus spp. (carpenterants), Diprion spp. (sawflies), Formica spp. (ants), Iridomyrmex humilis(Argentine ant), Monomorium ssp., Monomorium minumum (little black ant),Monomorium pharaonis (Pharaoh ant), Neodiprion spp. (sawflies),Pogonomyrmex spp. (harvester ants), Polistes spp. (paper wasps),Solenopsis spp. (fire ants), Tapoinoma sessile (odorous house ant),Tetranomorium spp. (pavement ants), Vespula spp. (yellow jackets), andXylocopa spp. (carpenter bees).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Isoptera (termites). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Coptotermes spp., Coptotermescurvignathus, Coptotermes frenchii, Coptotermes formosanus (Formosansubterranean termite), Cornitermes spp. (nasute termites), Cryptotermesspp. (drywood termites), Heterotermes spp. (desert subterraneantermites), Heterotermes aureus, Kalotermes spp. (drywood termites).Incistitermes spp. (drywood termites), Macrotermes spp. (fungus growingtermites), Marginitermes spp. (drywood termites), Microcerotermes spp.(harvester termites), Microtermes obesi, Procornitermes spp.,Reticulitermes spp. (subterranean termites), Reticulitermes banyulensis,Reticulitermes grassei, Reticulitermes ilavipes (eastern subterraneantermite), Reticulitermes hageni, Reticulitermes hesperus (westernsubterranean termite), Reticulitermes santonensis, Reticulitermessperatus, Reticulitermes tibialis, Reticulitermes virginicus,Schedorhinotermes spp., and Zootermopsis spp. (rotten-wood termites).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). A non-exhaustivelist of these pests includes, but is not limited to, Achoea Janata,Adoxophyes spp., Adoxophyes orana, Agrotis spp. (cutworms), Agratisipsilon (black cutworm), Alabama argillacea (cotton leafworm), Amorbiacunearta, Amyelosis transitella (navel orangeworm), Anacamptodesdefectaria, Anarsia lineatella (peach twig borer), Anomis sabulijera(jute looper), Anticarsia gemmatalis (velvetbean caterpillar), Archipsargyrospila (fruit tree leafroller), Archips rosana (rose leaf roller),Argyrotaenia spp. (tortricid moths), Argyrotaenia citrana (orangetortrix), Autographa gamma, Bonagota cranaodes, Borbo cinnara (rice leaffolder), Bucculatrix thurberiella (cotton leaf perforator), Caloptiliaspp. (leaf miners), Capua reticulana, Carposina niponensis (peach fruitmoth), Chilo spp., Chlumetia transversa (mango shoot borer),Choristoneura rosaceana (oblique banded leaf roller), Chrysodeixis spp.,Cnaphalocerus medinalis (grass leafroller), Colias spp., Conpomorphacramerella, Cossus eossus (carpenter moth), Crambus spp. (Sod webworms),Cydia funebrana (plum fruit moth), Cydia molesta (oriental fruit moth),Cydia nignicana (pea moth), Cydia pomonella (codling moth), Darnadiducta, Diaphania spp. (stem borers), Diatraea spp. (stalk borers),Diatraea saccharalis (sugarcane borer), Diatraea graniosella(southwester corn borer), Earias spp. (bollworms), Earias insulata(Egyptian bollworm), Earias vitella (rough northern bollworm),Ecdytopopha aurantianum, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (lesser cornstalkborer), Epiphysias postruttana (light brown apple moth), Ephestia spp.(flour moths), Ephestia cautella (almond moth), Ephestia elutella(tobbaco moth), Ephestia kuehniella (Mediterranean flour moth), Epimecesspp., Epinotia aporema, Erionota thrax (banana skipper), Eupoeciliaambiguella (grape berry moth), Euxoa auxiliaris (army cutworm), Feltiaspp. (cutworms), Gortyna spp. (stemborers), Grapholita molesta (orientalfruit moth), Hedylepta indicata (bean leaf webber), Helicoverpa spp.(noctuid moths), Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm), Helicoverpa zea(bollworm/corn earworm), Heliothis spp. (noctuid moths), Heliothisvirescens (tobacco budworm), Hellula undalis (cabbage webworm),Indarbela spp. (root borers), Keiferia lycopersicella (tomato pinworm),Leucinodes orbonalis (eggplant fruit borer), Leucoptera malifoliella,Lithocollectis spp., Lobesia botrana (grape fruit moth), Loxagrotis spp.(noctuid moths), Loxagrotis albicosta (western bean cutworm), Lymantriadispar (gypsy moth), Lyonetia clerkella (apple leaf miner), Mahasenacorbetti (oil palm bagworm), Malacosoma spp. (tent caterpillars),Mamestra brassicae (cabbage armyworm), Maruca testulalis (bean podborer), Metisa plana (bagworm), Mythimna unipuncta (true armyworm),Neoleucinodes elegantalis (small tomato borer), Nymphula depunctalis(rice caseworm), Operophthera brumata (winter moth), Ostrinia nubilalis(European corn borer), Oxydia vesulia, Pandemis cerasana (common curranttortrix), Pandemis heparana (brown apple tortrix), Papilio demodocus,Pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm), Peridroma spp. (cutworms),Peridroma saucia (variegated cutworm), Perileucoptera coffeella (whitecoffee leafminer), Phthorimaea operculella (potato tuber moth),Phyllocnisitis citrella, Phyllonorycter spp. (leafminers), Pieris rapae(imported cabbageworm), Plathypena scabra, Plodia interpunctella (Indianmeal moth), Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth), Polychrosis viteana(grape berry moth), Prays endocarpa, Prays oleae (olive moth),Pseudaletia spp. (noctuid moths), Pseudaletia unipunctata (armyworm),Pseudoplusia includens (soybean looper), Rachiplusia nu, Scirpophagaincertulas, Sesamia spp. (stemborers), Sesamia inferens (pink rice steinborer), Sesamia nonagrioides, Setora nitens, Sitotroga cerealella(Angoumois grain moth), Sparganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera spp.(armyworms), Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm), Spodoptera fugiperda(fall armyworm), Spodoptera oridania (southern armyworm), Synanthedonspp. (root borers), Theela basilides, Thermisia gemmatalis, Tineolabisselliella (webbing clothes moth), Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper),Tuta absoluta, Yponomeuta spp., Zeuzera coffeae (red branch borer), andZeuzera pyrina (leopard moth).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Mallophaga (chewing lice). A non-exhaustive list ofthese pests includes, but is not limited to, Bovicola ovis (sheep bitinglouse), Menacanthus stramineus (chicken body louse), and Menopongallinea (common hen house).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets). Anon-exhaustive list of these pests includes, but is not limited to,Anabrus simplex (Mormon cricket), Gryllotalpidae (mole crickets),Locusta migratoria, Melanoplus spp. (grasshoppers), Microcentrumretinerve (angular winged katydid), Pterophylla spp. (kaydids),chistocerca gregaria, Scudderia fitrcata (fork tailed bush katydid), andValanga nigricorni.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Phthiraptera (sucking lice). A non-exhaustive list ofthese pests includes, but is not limited to, Haematopinus spp. (cattleand hog lice), Linognathus ovillus (sheep louse), Pediculus humanuscapitis (human body louse), Pediculus humanus humanus (human body lice),and Pthirus pubis (crab louse).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Siphonaptera (fleas). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Ctenocephalides canis (dog flea),Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea), and Pulex irritans (human flea).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Thysanoptera (thrips). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Frankliniella fusca (tobaccothrips), Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips),Frankliniella shultzei Frankliniella williamsi (corn thrips),Heliothrips haemorrhaidalis (greenhouse thrips), Riphiphorothripscruentatus, Scirtothrips spp., Scirtothrips citri (citrus thrips),Scirtothrips dorsalis (yellow tea thrips), Taeniothripsrhopalantennalis, and Thrips spp.

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Thysanura (bristletails). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Lepisma spp. (silverfish) andThermobia spp. (firebrats).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Acarina (mites and ticks). A non-exhaustive list ofthese pests includes, but is not limited to, Acarapsis woodi (trachealmite of honeybees), Acarus spp. (food mites), Acarus siro (grain mite),Aceria mangiferae (mango bud mite), Aculops spp., Aculops lycopersici(tomato russet mite), Aculops pelekasi, Aculus pelekassi, Aculusschlechtendali (apple rust mite), Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick),Boophilus spp. (ticks), Brevipalpus obovatus (privet mite), Brevipalpusphoenicis (red and black flat mite), Demodex spp. (mange mites),Dermacentor spp. (hard ticks), Dermacentor variabilis (american dogtick), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (house dust mite), Eotetranycusspp., Eotetranychus carpini (yellow spider mite), Epitimerus spp.,Eriophyes spp., Ixodes spp. (ticks), Metatetranycus spp., Notoedrescati, Oligonychus spp., Oligonychus coffee, Oligonychus ilicus (southernred mite), Panonychus spp., Panonychus citri (citrus red mite),Panonychus ulmi (European red mite), Phyllocoptruta oleivora (citrusrust mite), Polyphagotarsonemun latus (broad mite), Rhipicephalussanguineus (brown dog tick), Rhizoglyphus spp. (bulb mites), Sarcoptesscabiei (itch mite), Tegolophus perseaflorae, Tetranychus spp.,Tetranychus urticae (twospotted spider mite), and Varroa destructor(honey bee mite).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Nematoda (nematodes). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Aphelenchoides spp. (bud and leaf& pine wood nematodes), Belonolaimus spp. (sting nematodes),Criconemella spp. (ring nematodes), Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm),Ditylenchus spp. (stem and bulb nematodes), Heterodera spp. (cystnematodes), Heterodera zeae (corn cyst nematode), Hirschmanniella spp.(root nematodes), Hoplolaimus spp. (lance nematodes), Meloidogyne spp.(root knot nematodes), Meloidogyne incognita (root knot nematode),Onchocerca volvulus (hook-tail worm), Pratylenchus spp. (lesionnematodes), Radopholus spp. (burrowing nematodes), and Rotylenchusreniformis (kidney-shaped nematode).

In another embodiment, the invention disclosed in this document can beused to control Symphyla (symphylans). A non-exhaustive list of thesepests includes, but is not limited to, Scutigerella immaculata.

For more detailed information consult “HANDBOOK OF PEST CONTROL—THEBEHAVIOR, LIFE HISTORY, AND CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD PESTS” by ArnoldMallis, 9th Edition, copyright 2004 by GIE Media Inc.

Mixtures

The compositions disclosed in this document can also be used, forreasons of economy, chemical and physical stability, and synergy, withacaricides, algicides, antifeedants, avicides, bactericides, birdrepellents, chemosterilants, fungicides, herbicide safeners, herbicides,insect attractants, insect repellents, mammal repellents, matingdisrupters, molluscicides, other insecticides, other pesticides, plantactivators, plant growth regulators, rodenticides, synergists,defoliants, desiccants, disinfectants, semiochemicals, and virucides(these categories not necessarily mutually exclusive).

Formulations

The compositions described in this document may also be provided withphytologically-acceptable inert ingredients to provide or complement acarrier and can be formulated into, for example, baits, concentratedemulsions, dusts, emulsifiable concentrates, fumigants, gels, granules,microencapsulations, seed treatments, suspension concentrates,suspoemulsions, tablets, water soluble liquids, water dispersiblegranules or dry flowables, wettable powders, and ultra low volumesolutions.

For further information on formulation types see “CATALOGUE OF PESTICIDEFORMULATION TYPES AND INTERNATIONAL CODING SYSTEM” Technical Monographno 2, 5th Edition by CropLife International (2002).

Pesticide compositions can be frequently applied as aqueous suspensionsor emulsions prepared from concentrated formulations of suchcompositions. Such water-soluble, water-suspendable, or emulsifiableformulations are either solids, usually known as wettable powders, orwater dispersible granules, or liquids usually known as emulsifiableconcentrates, or aqueous suspensions. Wettable powders, which may becompacted to form water dispersible granules, comprise an intimatemixture of the pesticide composition, a carrier, and surfactants. Thecarrier is usually chosen from among the attapulgite clays, themontmorillonite clays, the diatomaceous earths, or the purifiedsilicates. Effective surfactants, which can comprise from about 0.5% toabout 10% of the wettable powder, are found among sulfonated lignins,condensed naphthalenesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates,alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkyl sulfates, and nonionic surfactants such asethylene oxide adducts of alkyl phenols.

Emulsifiable concentrates comprise a convenient concentration of apesticide composition dissolved in a carrier that is either a watermiscible solvent or a mixture of water-immiscible organic solvent andemulsifiers. Useful organic solvents include aromatics, especiallyxylenes and petroleum fractions, especially the high-boilingnaphthalenic and olefinic portions of petroleum such as heavy aromaticnaphtha. Other organic solvents may also be used, such as the terpenicsolvents including rosin derivatives, aliphatic ketones such ascyclohexanone, and complex alcohols such as 2-ethoxyethanol. Suitableemulsifiers for emulsifiable concentrates are chosen from conventionalanionic and nonionic surfactants.

Aqueous suspensions comprise suspensions of water-insoluble pesticidecompositions dispersed in an aqueous carrier. Suspensions are preparedby finely grinding the pesticide composition and vigorously mixing itinto a carrier comprised of water and surfactants. Ingredients, such asinorganic salts and synthetic or natural gums, may also be added, toincrease the density and viscosity of the aqueous carrier. It is oftenmost effective to grind and mix the pesticide composition at the sametime by preparing the aqueous mixture and homogenizing it in animplement such as a sand mill, ball mill, or piston-type homogenizer.

Pesticide compositions may also be applied as granular formulations thatare particularly useful for applications to the soil. Granularformulations contain the pesticide composition dispersed in a carrierthat comprises clay or a similar substance. Such formulations areusually prepared by dissolving the pesticide composition in a suitablesolvent and applying it to a granular carrier which has been pre-formedto the appropriate particle size, in the range of from about 0.5 to 3mm. Such formulations may also be formulated by making a dough or pasteof the carrier and pesticide composition and crushing and drying toobtain the desired granular particle size.

Dusts containing a pesticide composition are prepared by intimatelymixing the pesticide composition in powdered form with a suitable dustyagricultural carrier, such as kaolin clay, ground volcanic rock, and thelike. Dusts can be applied as a seed dressing, or as a foliageapplication with a dust blower machine.

It is equally practical to apply a pesticide composition in the form ofa solution in an appropriate organic solvent, usually petroleum oil,such as the spray oils, which are widely used in agricultural chemistry.

Pesticide compositions can also be applied in the form of an aerosolformulation. In such formulations, the pesticide composition isdissolved or dispersed in a carrier, which is a pressure-generatingpropellant mixture. The aerosol formulation is packaged in a containerfrom which the mixture is dispensed through an atomizing valve.

Pesticide baits are formed when the pesticide composition is mixed withfood or an attractant or both. When the pests eat the bait they alsoconsume the pesticide composition. Baits may take the form of granules,gels, flowable powders, liquids, or solids. They may be used in oraround pest harborages.

Fumigants are pesticides that have a relatively high vapor pressure andhence can exist as a gas in sufficient concentrations to kill pests insoil or enclosed spaces. The toxicity of the fumigant is proportional toits concentration and the exposure time. They are characterized by agood capacity for diffusion and act by penetrating the pest'srespiratory system or being absorbed through the pest's cuticle.Fumigants are applied to control stored product pests under gas proofsheets, in gas sealed rooms or buildings or in special chambers.

Oil solution concentrates are made by dissolving a pesticide compositionin a solvent that will hold the pesticide composition in solution. Oilsolutions of a pesticide composition usually provide faster knockdownand kill of pests than other formulations due to the solvents themselveshaving pesticidal action and the dissolution of the waxy covering of theintegument increasing the speed of uptake of the pesticide. Otheradvantages of oil solutions include better storage stability, betterpenetration of crevices, and better adhesion to greasy surfaces.

Another embodiment is an oil-in-water emulsion, wherein the emulsioncomprises oily globules which are each provided with a lamellar liquidcrystal coating and are dispersed in an aqueous phase, wherein each oilyglobule comprises at least one compound which is agriculturally active,and is individually coated with a monolamellar or oligolamellar layercomprising: (1) at least one non-ionic lipophilic surface-active agent,(2) at least one non-ionic hydrophilic surface-active agent and (3) atleast one ionic surface-active agent, wherein the globules having a meanparticle diameter of less than 800 nanometers. Further information onthe embodiment is disclosed in U.S. patent publication 20070027034published Feb. 1, 2007, having patent application Ser. No. 11/495,228.For ease of use this embodiment will be referred to as “OIWE”.

For further information consult “INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT” 2nd Edition byD. Dent, copyright CAB International (2000). Additionally, for moredetailed information consult “HANDBOOK OF PEST CONTROL—THE BEHAVIOR,LIFE HISTORY, AND CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD PESTS” by Arnold Mallis, 9thEdition, copyright 2004 by GIE. Media Inc.

Other Formulation Components

Generally, when the compositions disclosed in this document are used ina formulation, such formulation can also contain other components. Thesecomponents include, but are not limited to, (this is a non-exhaustiveand non-mutually exclusive list) wetters, spreaders, stickers,penetrants, buffers, sequestering agents, drift reduction agents,compatibility agents, anti-foam agents, cleaning agents, rheologyagents, stabilizers, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. A few componentsare described forthwith.

A wetting agent is a substance that when added to a liquid increases thespreading or penetration power of the liquid by reducing the interfacialtension between the liquid and the surface on which it is spreading.Wetting agents are used for two main functions in agrochemicalformulations: during processing and manufacture to increase the rate ofwetting of powders in water to make concentrates for soluble liquids orsuspension concentrates; and during mixing of a product with water in aspray tank to reduce the wetting time of wettable powders and to improvethe penetration of water into water-dispersible granules. Examples ofwetting agents used in wettable powder, suspension concentrate, andwater-dispersible granule formulations are: sodium lauryl sulphate;sodium dioctyl sulphosuccinate; alkyl phenol ethoxylates; and aliphaticalcohol ethoxylates.

A dispersing agent is a substance which adsorbs onto the surface ofparticles and helps to preserve the state of dispersion of the particlesand prevents them from reaggregating. Dispersing agents are added toagrochemical formulations to facilitate dispersion and suspension duringmanufacture, and to ensure the particles redisperse into water in aspray tank. They are widely used in wettable powders, suspensionconcentrates and water-dispersible granules. Surfactants that are usedas dispersing agents have the ability to adsorb strongly onto a particlesurface and provide a charged or steric barrier to reaggregation ofparticles. The most commonly used surfactants are anionic, non-ionic, ormixtures of the two types. For wettable powder formulations, the mostcommon dispersing agents are sodium lignosulphonates. For suspensionconcentrates, very good adsorption and stabilization are obtained usingpolyelectrolytes, such as sodium naphthalene sulphonate formaldehydecondensates. Tristyrylphenol ethoxylate phosphate esters are also used.Non-ionics such as alkylarylethylene oxide condensates and EO-PO blockcopolymers are sometimes combined with anionics as dispersing agents forsuspension concentrates. In recent years, new types of very highmolecular weight polymeric surfactants have been developed as dispersingagents. These have very long hydrophobic ‘backbones’ and a large numberof ethylene oxide chains forming the ‘teeth’ of a ‘comb’ surfactant.These high molecular weight polymers can give very good long-termstability to suspension concentrates because the hydrophobic backboneshave many anchoring points onto the particle surfaces. Examples ofdispersing agents used in agrochemical formulations are: sodiumlignosulphonates; sodium naphthalene sulphonate formaldehydecondensates; tristyrylphenol ethoxylate phosphate esters; aliphaticalcohol ethoxylates; alky ethoxylates; EO-PO block copolymers; and graftcopolymers.

An emulsifying agent is a substance which stabilizes a suspension ofdroplets of one liquid phase in another liquid phase. Without theemulsifying agent the two liquids would separate into two immiscibleliquid phases. The most commonly used emulsifier blends containalkylphenol or aliphatic alcohol with 12 or more ethylene oxide unitsand the oil-soluble calcium salt of dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid. Arange of hydrophile-lipophile balance (“HLB”) values from 8 to 18 willnormally provide good stable emulsions. Emulsion stability can sometimesbe improved by the addition of a small amount of an EO-PO blockcopolymer surfactant.

A solubilizing agent is a surfactant which will form micelles in waterat concentrations above the critical micelle concentration. The micellesare then able to dissolve or solubilize water-insoluble materials insidethe hydrophobic part of the micelle. The types of surfactants usuallyused for solubilization are non-ionics: sorbitan monooleates; sorbitanmonooleate ethoxylates; and methyl oleate esters.

Surfactants are sometimes used, either alone or with other additivessuch as mineral or vegetable oils as adjuvants to spray-tank mixes toimprove the biological performance of the pesticide on the target. Thetypes of surfactants used for bioenhancement depend generally on thenature and mode of action of the pesticide. However, they are oftennon-ionics such as: alky ethoxylates; linear aliphatic alcoholethoxylates; aliphatic amine ethoxylates.

Organic solvents are used mainly in the formulation of emulsifiableconcentrates, ULV formulations, and to a lesser extent granularformulations. Sometimes mixtures of solvents are used. The first maingroups of solvents are aliphatic paraffinic oils such as kerosene orrefined paraffins. The second main group and the most common comprisesthe aromatic solvents such as xylene and higher molecular weightfractions of C9 and C10 aromatic solvents. Chlorinated hydrocarbons areuseful as cosolvents to prevent crystallization of pesticides when theformulation is emulsified into water. Alcohols are sometimes used ascosolvents to increase solvent power.

Thickeners or gelling agents are used mainly in the formulation ofsuspension concentrates, emulsions and suspoemulsions to modify therheology or flow properties of the liquid and to prevent separation andsettling of the dispersed particles or droplets. Thickening, gelling,and anti-settling agents generally fall into two categories, namelywater-insoluble particulates and water-soluble polymers. It is possibleto produce suspension concentrate formulations using clays and silicas.Examples of these types of materials, include, but are limited to,montmorillonite, e.g. bentonite; magnesium aluminum silicate; andattapulgite. Water-soluble polysaccharides have been used asthickening-gelling agents for many years. The types of polysaccharidesmost commonly used are natural extracts of seeds and seaweeds aresynthetic derivatives of cellulose. Examples of these types of materialsinclude, but are not limited to, guar gum; locust bean gum; carrageenam;alginates; methyl cellulose; sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC);hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). Other types of anti-settling agents arebased on modified starches, polyacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol andpolyethylene oxide. Another good anti-settling agent is xanthan gum.

Microorganisms cause spoilage of formulated products. Thereforepreservation agents are used to eliminate or reduce their effect.Examples of such agents include, but are not limited to: propionic acidand its sodium salt; sorbic acid and its sodium or potassium salts;benzoic acid and its sodium salt; p-hydroxy benzoic acid sodium salt;methyl p-hydroxy benzoate; and 1,2-benzisothiazalin-3-one (BIT).

The presence of surfactants, which lower interfacial tension, oftencauses water-based formulations to foam during mixing operations inproduction and in application through a spray tank. In order to reducethe tendency to foam, anti-foam agents are often added either during theproduction stage or before filling into bottles. Generally, there aretwo types of anti-foam agents, namely silicones and non-silicones.Silicones are usually aqueous emulsions of dimethyl polysiloxane whilethe non-silicone anti-foam agents are water-insoluble oils, such asoctanol and nonanol, or silica. In both cases, the function of theanti-foam agent is to displace the surfactant from the air-waterinterface.

For further information see “CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF AGROCHEMICALFORMULATIONS” edited by D. A. Knowles, copyright 1998 by Kluwer AcademicPublishers. Also see “INSECTICIDES IN AGRICULTURE ANDENVIRONMENT—RETROSPECTS AND PROSPECTS” by A. S. Perry, I. Yamamoto, I.Ishaaya, and R. Perry, copyright 1998 by Springer-Verlag.

Applications

The actual amount of a pesticide composition to be applied to loci ofpests is generally not critical and can readily be determined by thoseskilled in the art. In general, concentrations from about 0.01 grams ofpesticide per hectare to about 5000 grams of pesticide per hectare areexpected to provide good control.

The locus to which a pesticide composition is applied can be any locusinhabited by a pest, for example, vegetable crops, fruit and nut trees,grape vines, ornamental plants, domesticated animals, the interior orexterior surfaces of buildings, and the soil around buildings.Controlling pests generally means that pest populations, activity, orboth, are reduced in a locus. This can come about when: pest populationsare repulsed from a locus; when pests are incapacitated in or around alocus; or pests are exterminated, in whole or in part, in or around alocus. Of course a combination of these results can occur. Generally,pest populations, activity, or both are desirably reduced more thanfifty percent, preferably more than 90 percent.

Generally, with baits, the baits are placed in the ground where, forexample, termites can come into contact with the bait. Baits can also beapplied to a surface of a building, (horizontal, vertical, or slanted,surface) where, for example, ants, termites, cockroaches, and flies, cancome into contact with the bait.

Because of the unique ability of the eggs of some pests to resistpesticide compositions repeated applications may be desirable to controlnewly emerged larvae.

Systemic movement of pesticides in plants may be utilized to controlpests on one portion of the plant by applying the pesticide compositionto a different portion of the plant. For example, control offoliar-feeding insects can be controlled by drip irrigation or furrowapplication, or by treating the seed before planting. Seed treatment canbe applied to all types of seeds, including those from which plantsgenetically transformed to express specialized traits will germinate.Representative examples include those expressing proteins toxic toinvertebrate pests, such as Bacillus thuringiensis or other insecticidaltoxins, those expressing herbicide resistance, such as “Roundup Ready”seed, or those with “stacked” foreign genes expressing insecticidaltoxins, herbicide resistance, nutrition-enhancement or any otherbeneficial traits. Furthermore, such seed treatments with the inventiondisclosed in this document can further enhance the ability of a plant tobetter withstand stressful growing conditions. This results in ahealthier, more vigorous plant, which can lead to higher yields atharvest time.

It should be readily apparent that the invention can be used with plantsgenetically transformed to express specialized traits, such as Bacillusthuringiensis or other insecticidal toxins, or those expressingherbicide resistance, or those with “stacked” foreign genes expressinginsecticidal toxins, herbicide resistance, nutrition-enhancement or anyother beneficial traits.

The invention disclosed in this document is suitable for controllingendoparasites and ectoparasites in the veterinary medicine sector or inthe field of animal keeping. Compositions are applied in a known manner,such as by oral administration in the form of, for example, tablets,capsules, drinks, granules, by dermal application in the form of, forexample, dipping, spraying, pouring on, spotting on, and dusting, and byparenteral administration in the form of, for example, an injection.

The invention disclosed in this document can also be employedadvantageously in livestock keeping, for example, cattle, sheep, pigs,chickens, and geese. Suitable formulations are administered orally tothe animals with the drinking water or feed. The dosages andformulations that are suitable depend on the species.

Before a pesticide composition can be used or sold commercially, suchcomposition undergoes lengthy evaluation processes by variousgovernmental authorities (local, regional, state, national,international). Voluminous data requirements are specified by regulatoryauthorities and must be addressed through data generation and submissionby the product registrant or by another on the product registrant'sbehalf. These governmental authorities then review such data and if adetermination of safety is concluded, provide the potential user orseller with product registration approval. Thereafter, in that localitywhere the product registration is granted and supported, such user orseller may use or sell such pesticide.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are for illustration purposes and are not to beconstrued as limiting the invention disclosed in this document to onlythe embodiments disclosed in these examples.

Example Compositions

Example compositions A-D described below each include spinetoram.Spinetoram is a mixture of 50-90%(2R,3aR,5aR,5bS,9S,13S,14R,16aS,16bR)-2-(6-deoxy-3-O-ethyl-2,4-di-O-methyl-α-L-mannopyranosyloxy)-13-[(2R,5S,6R)-5-(dimethylamino)tetrahydro-6-methylpyran-2-yloxy]-9-ethyl-2,3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,9,10,11,12,13,14,16a,16b-hexadecahydro-14-methyl-1H-as-indaceno[3,2-d]oxacyclododecine-7,15-dioneand 50-10%(2R,3aR,5aS,5bS,9S,13S,14R,16aS,16b5)-2-(6-deoxy-3-O-ethyl-2,4-di-O-methyl-α-L-mannopyranosyloxy)-13-[(2R,5S,6R)-5-(dimethylamino)tetrahydro-6-methylpyran-2-yloxy]-9-ethyl-2,3,3a,5a,5b,6,9,10,11,12,13,14,16a,16b-tetradecahydro-4,14-dimethyl-1H-as-indaceno[3,2-d]oxacyclododecine-7,15-dione.Spinetoram is synthetically derived from a natural product and istypically accompanied by various impurities. Accordingly, for each ofthe compositions prepared below in Examples A-D, an assay was performedon the spinetoram used to determine the presence of impurities.

For each assay, a calibration stock solution sample was prepared byadding approximately 43 mg of an analytically standard form ofspinetoram with 10.0 mL of purified water into a 125 mL glass jar. Theglass jar was gently swirled until the spinetoram was dispersed into thepurified water. 100.0 mL of methanol was then added to thewater/spinetoram mixture in the glass jar. A second solution wasprepared by adding 10 mL of purified water and approximately 50 mg ofthe spinetoram product used in each of Examples A-D to a 125 mL glassjar. The glass jar was gently swirled until the spinetoram dispersedinto the purified water. 100.0 mL of methanol was then added to themixture. Each sample was then analyzed using liquid chromatographyperformed with the following instrumentation and under the followingconditions:

Chromatograph: Agilent (formally Hewlett Packard) model 1100 orequivalent Column: Phenomenex Luna, C8(2) 3 μm, 150 m × 4.6 mm columnMobile Phase A: water with 2 g/L ammonium acetate, pH adjusted to 5.5with acetic acid Mobile Phase B: acetonitrile/methanol (80:20, v:v)Isocratic elution: 20% A/80% B Flow: 1.0 mL/minute Injection volume:10.0 μL Detector: UV @ 250 nm Run Time: 20 minutes Integrator: AgilentEZChrom Elite data acquisition system, or equivalentBased on the results of the liquid chromatography, the weight percentageof the pure spinetoram component of each of the spinetoram products usedin Examples A-D was calculated. The weight percentage of impurities wasthen calculated by subtracting the weight percentage of the purespinetoram component from 100. The weight percentage of spinetoramimpurities in each of Examples A-D, based from these calculations, isprovided below.

Example A

A liquid composition including spinetoram, egg albumen and zinc acetate,among other ingredients, was prepared according to the following.Spinetoram, Reax® 88A, a dispersant commercially available fromMeadWestvaco Corporation, P.O. Box 118005, Charleston, S.C. 29423,Geropon® SDS, a surfactant commercially available from Rhodia, Inc., 8Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury N.J., 08512, and a balance of water toprovide a suspension concentrate having 25-50% w/w of spinetoram weremixed together. The resulting mixture was milled in an Eiger MiniMotormill media mill from Eiger Machinery, Inc., 888 East BelvidereRoad, Grayslake, Ill., 60030, to a particle size of 1-10 μm (volumeweighted mean diameter). The particle size was measured using a MalvernMastersizer 2000 laser diffraction particle analyzer from MalvernInstruments Ltd., Enigma Business Park, Grovewood Road, Malvern,Worcestershire WR14 1XZ, United Kingdom. After milling, egg albumen fromGrade II chicken egg whites from Sigma Aldrich Corporation, 3050 SpruceSt., St. Louis, Mo., 63103 and zinc acetate-dihydrate, 98+% from SigmaAldrich Corporation, were added to the mixture under agitation. Thetotal solids concentration of the mixture was adjusted in the range of20-50% by weight by adding water, and the pH was adjusted to 6-9 withammonia solution as appropriate. The mixture was then homogenized with aSilverson L4RT-A homogenizer from Silverson Machines Inc., 355 ChestnutSt., East Longmeadow, Mass., 01028, for about 15-30 minutes. The weightpercentages for each of the foregoing ingredients, based on the totalweight of the composition exclusive of water, are provided in Table 1.Table 1 also provides the weight percentage of spinetoram impurities inthe composition based on the values determined by the assay proceduredescribed above.

TABLE 1 Example A Ingredients Wt. % Spinetoram 10.0 Spinetoramimpurities 1.47 Egg Albumen 50.75 Zinc Acetate 33.4 Reax ® 88A 3.65Geropon ® SDS 0.73

The liquid composition was then spray-dried using a Buchi® Model 190bench top spray dryer from Buchi Corporation, 19 Lukens Drive, Suite400, New Castle, Del. 19720, at about a 300-400 ml/hr feed rate, 4-6 barnozzle pressure, 115-140° C. inlet temperature and 50-100° C. outlettemperature to provide a solid composition. It is believed that thespray drying process removes all or substantially all of the water andother volatile ingredients from the liquid composition as it isconverted to the solid composition. Since none of the ingredients inExample A apart from the water is believed to be volatile, it iscontemplated that the solid composition includes weight percentages foreach of the ingredients that substantially correspond to those providedin Table 1. However, since the solid composition was later used forbio-efficacy experiments, an assay was performed to determine itsproportion by weight of pure spinetoram so appropriate concentrationsfor testing could be prepared.

For this assay procedure, a calibration stock solution sample wasprepared by adding approximately 43 mg of an analytically standard formof spinetoram with 10.0 mL of purified water into a 125 mL glass jar.The glass jar was gently swirled until the spinetoram was dispersed intothe purified water. 100.0 mL of methanol was then added to thewater/spinetoram mixture in the glass jar. A second solution wasprepared by adding 10 mL of purified water and approximately 130 mg ofthe solid composition to a 125 mL glass jar. The glass jar was gentlyswirled until the solid composition dispersed into the purified water.100.0 mL of methanol was then added to the mixture and the mixture wasshaken for at least about 5 minutes on a mechanical shaker. An aliquotof the mixture was then filtered through a 0.45),tin nylon syringefilter, with the first few filtered drops being discarded, and theremaining filtrate providing a sample for liquid chromatography. Eachsample was then analyzed using liquid chromatography performed with thefollowing instrumentation and under the following conditions:

Chromatograph: Agilent (formally Hewlett Packard) model 1100 orequivalent Column: Phenomenex Luna, C8(2) 3 μm, 150 m × 4.6 mm columnMobile Phase A: water with 2 g/L ammonium acetate, pH adjusted to 5.5with acetic acid Mobile Phase B: acetonitrile/methanol (80:20, v:v)Isocratic elution: 20% A/80% B Flow: 1.0 mL/minute Injection volume:10.0 μL Detector: UV @ 250 nm Run Time: 20 minutes Integrator: AgilentEZChrom Elite data acquisition system, or equivalentBased on the results of the liquid chromatography, the weight percentageof the pure spinetoram component for the solid composition wascalculated to be 10.0%.

Example B

A liquid composition including spinetoram, egg albumen and ferric (iron(III)) sulfate, among other ingredients, was prepared according to thefollowing. Spinetoram, Reax® 88A, Geropon® SDS and a balance of water toprovide a suspension concentrate having 25-50% w/w of spinetoram weremixed together. The resulting mixture was milled in an Eiger MiniMotormill media mill to a particle size of 1-10 μm (volume weighted meandiameter). The particle size was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer2000 laser diffraction particle analyzer. After milling, egg albumenfrom Grade II chicken egg whites from Sigma Aldrich Corporation andferric sulfate-hydrate, 97% from Sigma Aldrich Corporation were added tothe mixture under agitation. The total solids concentration of themixture was adjusted in the range of 20-50% by weight by adding water,and the pH was adjusted to 6-9 with ammonia solution as appropriate. Themixture was then homogenized with a Silverson L4RT-A homogenizer forabout 15-30 minutes. The weight percentages for each of the foregoingingredients, based on the total weight of the composition exclusive ofwater, are provided in Table 2. Table 2 also provides the weightpercentage of spinetoram impurities in the composition based on thevalues determined by the assay procedure described above.

TABLE 2 Example B Ingredients Wt. % Spinetoram 10.0 Spinetoramimpurities 1.47 Egg Albumen 50.75 Iron (III) sulfate 33.4 Reax ® 88A3.65 Geropon ® SDS 0.73

The liquid composition was then spray-dried using a Buchi® Model 190bench top spray dryer from Buchi. Corporation at about a 300-400 ml/hrfeed rate, 4-6 bar nozzle pressure, 115-140° C. inlet temperature and50-100° C. outlet temperature to provide a solid composition. It isbelieved that the spray drying process removes all or substantially allof the water and other volatile ingredients from the liquid compositionas it is converted to the solid composition. Since none of theingredients in Example B apart from the water is believed to bevolatile, it is contemplated that the solid composition includes weightpercentages for each of the ingredients that substantially correspond tothose provided in Table 2. However, since the solid composition waslater used for bio-efficacy experiments, an assay was performed todetermine its proportion by weight of pure spinetoram so appropriateconcentrations for testing could be prepared. The assay was performedaccording to the procedure described above with respect to Example A andthe weight percentage of the pure spinetoram component for the solidcomposition was calculated to be 9.4%.

Example C

A liquid composition including spinetoram, egg albumen and cupric(copper (II)) acetate, among other ingredients, was prepared accordingto the following. Spinetoram, Reax® 88A, Geropon® SDS and a balance ofwater to provide a suspension concentrate having 25-50% w/w ofspinetoram were mixed together. The resulting mixture was milled in anEiger Mini Motormill media mill to a particle size of 1-10 μm (volumeweighted mean diameter). The particle size was measured using a MalvernMastersizer 2000 laser diffraction particle analyzer. After milling, eggalbumen from Grade II chicken egg whites from Sigma Aldrich Corporationand cupric acetate-monohydrate from Sigma Aldrich Corporation were addedto the mixture under agitation. The total solids concentration of themixture was adjusted in the range of 20-50% by weight by adding water,and the pH was adjusted to 6-9 with ammonia solution as appropriate. Themixture was then homogenized with a Silverson L4RT-A homogenizer forabout 15-30 minutes. The weight percentages for each of the foregoingingredients, based on the total weight of the composition exclusive ofwater, are provided in Table 3. Table 3 also provides the weightpercentage of spinetoram impurities in the composition based on thevalues determined by the assay procedure described above.

TABLE 3 Example C Ingredients Wt. % Spinetoram 10.0 Spinetoramimpurities 1.47 Egg Albumen 50.75 Copper (II) acetate 33.4 Reax ® 88A3.65 Geropon SDS 0.73

The liquid composition was then spray-dried using a Buchi® Model 190bench top spray dryer from Buchi Corporation at about a 300-400 ml/hrfeed rate, 4-6 bar nozzle pressure, 115-140° C. inlet temperature and50-100° C. outlet temperature to provide a solid composition. It isbelieved that the spray drying process removes all or substantially allof the water and other volatile ingredients from the liquid compositionas it is converted to the solid composition. Since none of theingredients in Example C apart from the water is believed to bevolatile, it is contemplated that the solid composition includes weightpercentages for each of the ingredients that substantially correspond tothose provided in Table 3. However, since the solid composition waslater used for bio-efficacy experiments, an assay was performed todetermine its proportion by weight of pure spinetoram so appropriateconcentrations for testing could be prepared. The assay was performedaccording to the procedure described above with respect to Example A andthe weight percentage of the pure spinetoram component for the solidcomposition was calculated to be 10.7%.

Example D

A liquid composition including spinetoram, egg albumen and zinccarbonate, among other ingredients, was prepared according to thefollowing. Spinetoram, Reax® 88A, Geropon® SDS and a balance of water toprovide a suspension concentrate having 25-50% w/w of spinetoram weremixed together. The resulting mixture was milled in an Eiger MiniMotormill media mill to a particle size of 1-10 μm (volume weighted meandiameter). The particle size was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer2000 laser diffraction particle analyzer. After milling, egg albumenfrom Grade II chicken egg whites from Sigma Aldrich Corporation and zinccarbonate in the form of zinc carbonate RAC from Bruggemann ChemicalU.S., 15 Reese Avenue, Suite 200, Newtown Square, Pa., 19073, were addedto the mixture under agitation. The total solids concentration of themixture was adjusted in the range of 20-50% by weight by adding water,and the pH was adjusted to 6-9 with ammonia solution as appropriate. Themixture was then homogenized with a Silverson L4RT-A homogenizer forabout 15-30 minutes. The weight percentages for each of the foregoingingredients, based on the total weight of the composition exclusive ofwater, are provided in Table 4. Table 4 also provides the weightpercentage of spinetoram impurities in the composition based on thevalues determined by the assay procedure described above.

TABLE 4 Example D Ingredients Wt. % Spinetoram 10.0 Spinetoramimpurities 1.47 Egg Albumen 50.75 Zinc carbonate 33.4 Reax ® 88A 3.65Geropon SDS 0.73

The liquid composition was then spray-dried using a Buchi® Model 190bench top spray dryer from Buchi Corporation at about a 300-400 ml/hrfeed rate, 4-6 bar nozzle pressure, 115-140° C. inlet temperature and50-100° C. outlet temperature to provide a solid composition. It isbelieved that the spray drying process removes all or substantially allof the water and other volatile ingredients from the liquid compositionas it is converted to the solid composition. Since none of theingredients in Example D apart from the water is believed to bevolatile, it is contemplated that the solid composition includes weightpercentages for each of the ingredients that substantially correspond tothose provided in Table 4. However, since the solid composition waslater used for bio-efficacy experiments, an assay was performed todetermine its proportion by weight of pure spinetoram so appropriateconcentrations for testing could be prepared. The assay was performedaccording to the procedure described above with respect to Example A andthe weight percentage of the pure spinetoram component for the solidcomposition was calculated to be 11.9%.

Bio-Efficacy Testing

Biological efficacy experiments were conducted according to thefollowing parameters. A spinetoram control solution was preparedutilizing Delegate®, a water-dispersible granule formulation ofspinetoram commercially available from Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Ind., 46268, in water to obtain aspinetoram concentration in solution of 125 ppm. Test solutions werealso prepared utilizing the solid compositions of Examples A-D (ExampleA-D solutions) in water to obtain a spinetoram concentration in eachsolution of 125 ppm. These solutions, plus a water-only control, wereapplied to potted pepper plants (Capsicum annuum) using a Mandel tracksprayer calibrated to deliver the equivalent of 200 L/Ha of spray.Treated plants were allowed to dry and then were aged outdoors innatural sunlight or under a set of lamps emitting ultraviolet light atlevels comparable to natural sunlight. At the appropriate time aftertreatment, i.e., at 3, 6, 11 and 14 days after treatment, 2.5 cmdiameter disks were cut from treated leaves. One leaf disk was placed ineach well of a 32 well plastic tray, which also contained a thin layerof agar to provide moisture. There were 8 replicate disks per treatment.Each well was infested with three second instar beet armyworm.(Spodoptera exigua) larvae, and the well was sealed with plastic film.Larvae were held in an environmental chamber at 25° C./40 percentrelative humidity. At 48 hours after infestation, the larvae were gradedfor mortality. A larva was considered dead if it could not move afterbeing prodded, and the percent mortality (percent control) wascalculated.

Table 5 below provides the percent control of the insect associated withthe spinetoram control solution relative to an untreated standard. ForExample A-D solutions, Table 5 provides the improvement in percentcontrol relative to the spinetoram control solution (i.e., (percentcontrol by Example A-D solutions)−(percent control by spinetoram controlsolution). Table 5 also provides the average improvement over thespinetoram control solution which was calculated by summing theindividual improvements for each of the days relative to the control andthen dividing by the number of measurements.

TABLE 5 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 Average Solution DAT DAT DAT DAT DATDAT DAT DAT DAT DAT DAT Improvement Spinetoram 79 — — 67 — — — 8 — — 0Control Solution Example A 17 — — −8 — — — 17 — — 8 8 Solution Example B4 — — 12 — — — 63 — — 42 30 Solution Example C 17 — — 21 — — — 46 — — 4632 Solution Example D 8 — — 21 — — — 13 — — 13 14 Solution

The headings in this document are for convenience only and must not beused to interpret any portion thereof.

Any theory, mechanism of operation, proof, or finding stated herein ismeant to further enhance understanding of the present invention and isnot intended to make the present invention in any way dependent uponsuch theory, mechanism of operation, proof, or finding. It should beunderstood that while the use of the word preferable, preferably orpreferred in the description above indicates that the feature sodescribed may be more desirable, it nonetheless may not be necessary andembodiments lacking the same may be contemplated as within the scope ofthe invention, that scope being defined by the claims that follow. Inreading the claims it is intended that when words such as “a,” “an,” “atleast one,” “at least a portion” are used there is no intention to limitthe claim to only one item unless specifically stated to the contrary inthe claim. Further, when the language “at least a portion” and/or “aportion” is used the item may include a portion and/or the entire itemunless specifically stated to the contrary. While the invention has beenillustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoingdescription, the same is to be considered as illustrative and notrestrictive in character, it being understood that only the selectedembodiments have been shown and described and that all changes,modifications and equivalents that come within the spirit of theinvention as defined herein or by any of the following claims aredesired to be protected.

What is claimed is:
 1. A composition, comprising a spinosyn selectedfrom the group consisting of spinetoram and spinosad, at least onetransition metal salt and at least one proteinaceous material, whereinthe at least one transition metal salt is selected from the groupconsisting of iron (III) sulfate and copper (II) acetate and the atleast one proteinaceous material is selected from the group consistingof egg albumen, whey, gelatin and zein.
 2. The composition of claim 1,which includes a ratio by weight between the at least one transitionmetal salt and the at least one pesticide from about 1:1 to about 6:1, aratio by weight between the at least one proteinaceous material and theat least one pesticide from about 3:1 to about 8:1, and a ratio byweight between the at least one proteinaceous material and the at leastone transition metal salt from about 1:2 to about 4:1.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the at least one transition metal saltis selected from the group consisting of a transition metal acetate, atransition metal acetylacetonate, a transition metal nitrate, atransition metal sulfate, a transition metal halide and a transitionmetal carbonate.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least oneproteinaceous material is egg albumen.
 5. A composition, comprising fromabout 8% to about 15% by weight of spinetoram, from about 40% to about60% by weight of a proteinaceous material selected from the groupconsisting of egg albumen, whey, gelatin and zein, and from about 25% toabout 40% by weight of a transition metal salt selected from the groupconsisting of iron (III) sulfate and copper (II) acetate.
 6. Thecomposition of claim 5, wherein the transition metal salt includes iron(III) sulfate and the proteinaceous material includes egg albumen. 7.The composition of claim 5, which includes a ratio by weight between thetransition metal salt and spinetoram from about 2:1 to about 4:1, aratio by weight between the proteinaceous material and spinetoram fromabout 4:1 to about 6:1, and a ratio by weight between the proteinaceousmaterial and the transition metal salt from about 1:1 to about 2:1.
 8. Amethod, comprising: providing a first composition including from about8% to about 15% by weight of spinetoram, from about 40% to about 60% byweight of a proteinaceous material selected from the group consisting ofegg albumen, whey, gelatin and zein, and from about 25% to about 40% byweight of a transition metal salt selected from the group consisting ofiron (III) sulfate and copper (II) acetate; selecting a locus whereinsect control is desired and a second composition that includesspinetoram and in which the proteinaceous material and the transitionmetal salt are absent is susceptible to degradation and reducedpesticidal activity; and applying said first composition to said locusin order to achieve enhanced insect control relative to applying saidsecond composition to said locus.